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Arriagada, J.; Benítez, O.; Castro M. R.; Cuty Da Silva,
J. A.; Garrido, M.; Maciel, G.; Moro, W.; Rey Mendez, M. del P.;
Tadeu, J. L.; Varela, M. R. y Xalambri, A. Guía
para la implementación de un Sistema de Inspección
y Monitoreo del Trabajo Infantil en los países del Mercosur
y Chile. (Guide for the implementation of an Inspection and
Monitoring System of Child Labour in the countries of Mercosur and
Chile). Lima: ILO. IPEC South America Programme, 2003. (Working
papers, 169)
This paper works as a Guide for work inspectors and it facilitates
the identification of child labour situations and the establishment
of priorities and ways to deal with this problem in the most effective
way.
The Guide follows the general guidelines included in ILO Convention
182 on the worst forms of child labour.
It is structured in five parts: the first one analyses a contextualisation
where work inspection and child labour are dealt with; the second
one focuses on the conceptual part and the causes and consequences
of child labour in terms of health and education; the third one
reviews the reference standard framework (Convention on the Rights
of the Child and ILO Conventions and Recommendations on Child Labour,
Labour Inspection); the fourth one focuses on the role of the inspector
and its articulation with other actors and social institutions;
and finally, the fifth one refers to the Inspection and Monitoring
System and the role of labour administration, strengthening the
importance of the tasks of planning, coordination of inspection
operations, implementation of urgent measures and forwarding mechanisms
to competent institutions.
Barone, R.E. Educação
de jovens
e adultos: um tema recorrente. Boletim Técnico do Senac.
V. 26, n. 1, 2000.
This article studies youth and adult training in today's social
and productive context. In the present scenario, entering and staying
in the labour market are linked, to a large extent, to the educational
level of people. The increase of these demands puts a large part
of the population under the risk of being excluded from formal labour
and it leads them to informality. This brings about the need to
find new approaches in educational programmes.
This document seeks to reflect upon this situation and also highlights
some perspectives for the definition of educational and training
policies for this population.
Burgos Lino, G.; Castellanos, E.; Davalos, G.; Eguez Vidal, R.;
Vera Gutiérrez, G. Bolivia,
el trabajo infantil en la zafra de la caña de azúcar:
una evaluación rápida. (Bolivia: Child labour
during the sugar cane harvest: A quick evaluation). Lima. ILO. IPEC
South America Programme, 2002. 107 p. (Working papers, 155)
This research has shown the situation of families and communities
who work in the sugar cane harvest; the situation of children in
terms of the worst forms of child labour. The labour contractual
conditions of this population linked to the sugar cane show serious
informality in addition to an extremely precarious labour situation.
It studies the life standards of these communities who live in camps
during the harvest; their housing facilities (for example, houses
with roofs made of palm tree leaves), the overcrowding, the limited
access of children and adolescents to educational and health centres
must call for the reflection and action of the people responsible.
Finally, based on the research conducted on child and adolescent
labour during harvest, some action lines are drawn to attempt child
labour eradication.
Cáceres, P. Legislación
comparada sobre trabajo adolescente doméstico. El caso de
Brasil, Paraguay, Colombia y Perú. (Compared legislation
on adolescent domestic work. The case of Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia
and Peru). Lima: ILO, 2003. (Working paper, 170).
This study carries out a comparative analysis from the perspective
of ILO's Fundamental Conventions and the legislation in force regarding
adolescent labour in different Latin American countries (Brazil,
Colombia, Paraguay and Peru).
The paper confirms the lack of access procedures to the state's
social services for adolescent homeworkers. A discriminatory right-depriving
practice becomes evident regarding the salary received and other
labour conditions, in spite of the existing national legislation
and the valid principle registered under ILO's Recommendation Nº
146 "equal pay for equal work".
Caccliamali, M.C. Mercado
de trabajo juvenil: Argentina, Brasil y México. (Youth
labour market: Argentina, Brazil and Mexico). ILO. Employment. Analysis
and Research Unit, 2005. (Employment strategies paper, 2)
This document carries out a comparative analysis between three
countries of the region: Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The characteristics
and dynamics of labour markets are studied together with the causes
of youth unemployment. A growing segmentation has been observed
during the past decades in these labour markets, particularly with
regards to poor and under-qualified youth who suffer from the highest
unemployment rates and a higher insertion in low-quality jobs that
are poorly paid and usually lack social security protection.
Due to the above, the paper recommends that reforms should be carried
out on the educational and training systems as well as in active
employment policies. The aim is to enable the poorest to access
and stay in the educational system, that is, to quality education,
thus breaking with the circle of poverty and informal labour and
contributing to further social and economic development of these
countries.
ECLAC.CELADE. Adolescencia
y juventud en América Latina y el Caribe: problemas, oportunidades
y desafíos en el comienzo de un nuevo siglo. (Adolescence
and youth in Latin America and the Caribbean: problems, opportunities
and challenges in the beginning of a new century). Santiago, Chile:
ECLAC, 2000. (Population and Development, 9)
This document deals with adolescent and youth issues in three key
aspects to be put to the consideration of the Heads of State and
Government. It first analyses how adolescents grow and mature, showing
the problems, opportunities and challenges they are faced with today.
Then, it mentions an integrated group of sectoral public policies
concerned with education, health and labour and social insertion.
It particularly studies how quality in education segments youth
participation in the labour market, being most of them employed
by micro and small enterprises and lacking social security protection.
This is why these ventures are given so much importance; they are
a way to improve labour participation and the quality of life of
young people.
On account of the above, the document makes articulated proposals
focused on the strategic and managerial field, with the aim of largely
improving the effectiveness, efficiency and relevance of the actions
taken, particularly in terms of education and training. Therefore,
the idea is to strongly promote the incorporation of a real generational
perspective into public policies, with the aim of improving the
quality of life of children, adolescents and young people.
Fawcett, C. Latin
American youth in transition: a policy paper on youth unemployment
in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington: IADB, 2002.
This policy analysis focuses on the school-to-work transition as
providing the central context in understanding youth unemployment
in Latin America.
Youth unemployment is not a transitory state to employment, rather
it is a very lengthy process where youth move from unemployment,
schooling, unpaid unemployment, and low-wage unskilled employment
- all of which have low opportunity costs. The youth transition
process, including that of youth unemployment, clearly reflects
that of larger labour market trends - the considerable informality
of the labour market, the growing skills-wage gap between workers
in the formal-informal sector; and falling incomes of informal workers,
moving precariously towards the income poverty line.
The document tries to examine how the policy on structural adjustment
applied during the last decade, the economic growth, the specific
plans and programmes on employment and youth have had impacts on
this transition. Finally, some possible action policies are outlined
to overturn this situation.
Ferej, K.
The Integration of Youth into the Informal Sector: The Kenyan Experience.
Kenya: Moi University. Round Table on The integration of youth into
working life, Second International Vocational and Technical Education
Congress, UNEVOC. Seoul, Korea. April 26 to 30 1999.
This paper discusses the transition of young people to work, particularly
into the informal sector of the economy in Kenya. The informal sector
in Kenya is now responsible for absorbing the larger proportion
of new entrants into the job market. To understand this process
this paper examines the development of the informal sector in Kenya
and recent trends in its evolvement; entry into the informal sector
and the characteristics of young people entering the sector; the
training process in the sector; and the implications for education
and training.
Fernández, J. E.; De los Campos, H. Análisis
de las políticas y programas sociales en Uruguay: la acción
pública para prevenir y combatir el trabajo de niños,
niñas y adolescentes. (Analysis of social policies and
programmes in Uruguay: the public action to prevent and fight against
child and adolescent labour). Lima: ILO; IPEC; CIESU. 2004. (Working
papers, 186)
This document is framed within some broader research carried out
in the countries of Mercosur and Chile in an attempt to eradicate
child labour. The main objective is to create knowledge that enables
to direct the existing social policy towards the above mentioned
objective and make it work as an input and/or reinforcement of specific
policies on this subject. In order to do so, the social policies
and the implemented programmes are studied, with a special focus
on the impacts and potentials of the implemented plans. Finally,
action recommendations are made to redirect the existing policies
towards the objectives linked to the prevention and eradication
of child labour and to implement the National Plan for the Eradication
of Child Labour in Uruguay.
Flores Medina, R.; Vega Segoin, L.; Cáceres López,
C.; Ruiz Sánchez, I. El
trabajo Infantil doméstico en hogares de terceros en Colombia:
la invisibilidad del riesgo. Diagnóstico sociocultural, económico
y legislativo. (Child domestic work in other people's homes
in Colombia: an invisible risk. Social, cultural, economic and legal
diagnosis). Lima: ILO. IPEC South America, 2002. (Working papers,
163)
This piece of research seeks to identify the characteristics of
child labour in Colombia, the features related to culture, family,
geographic area and the activity sector where children perform as
workers.
Following a review on the policies that focus on this issue, both
at a national and international level, going through the ILO Conventions
in this area, the intention is to establish coordinated policies
and actions between the State, civil society organisations, and
other bodies and organisations engaged in this topic so as to prevent
and eradicate child labour from the Colombian society.
Flores Medina, R.; Vega Segoin,L.; Cáceres López,
P.; Ruiz Sánchez, I. Perú
Invisible y sin derechos: aproximación al perfil del trabajo
infantil doméstico. (Peru, invisible country with no
rights: an approximation to the profile of child domestic work).
Lima: ILO. IPEC South America, 2002. (Working papers, 162)
This document is based on some research developed in Peru that
sought to quantify child labour in the country and specify the environment
in which these boys and girls live and work.
In Peru, this research process has been accompanied by an ample
network of institutions and organisations. National topic studies
on legislative aspects, social policies and institutional offer
are an important input to complete the spectrum analysis and contextualise
the recommendations to institutional action so that, in a coordinated
way among governments, adult employers and workers. They may take
immediate action to prevent and eliminate this perverse form of
child exploitation.
Gallart, M.A. La
formación para el trabajo y los jóvenes en América
Latina. (Training for work and youth in Latin America). Santiago,
Chile: ECLAC, 2003.
The challenges to youth training for work and the solutions implemented
in Latin America are the subject of this article. The current characteristics
of youth are studied: their internal segmentation, the differences
in their access to education and employment and the transformation
of training for work from vocational training for specific occupations
to competency-based training that allows to meet the demands of
a difficult and changing labour market, thus integrating general
training, specific training and on-the-job learning.
The advantages and drawbacks of traditional forms of vocational
training and the new generation of training programmes are studied
as a solution to the reality of young people and the labour world.
Finally, from the objectives of programmes and the evaluation criteria
regarding the labour world and the characteristics of the target
population, a number of conclusions are presented which take into
account institutionality, curriculum updating, trainers' profile
and the difficulties encountered in the necessary articulation with
enterprises.
The final considerations draw some lines as regards training policies
from the contributions of this complex and contradictory reality.
Gallart , MA. Training,
poverty and exclusion. Montevideo: Cinterfor/ILO, 2000. (Tools
for change, 12).
This book summarises the results obtained from the research carried
out between 1997 and 1999 in five Latin American countries: Argentina,
Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.
The results of the project are a substantial contribution verified
in practice regarding training of poor youth in Latin America. It
is expected to contribute to the design and execution of social
policies directed to this critical sector and to increase justice
and equity in American countries in this century.
ICFTU. Young
and Vulnerable: meeting the challenge of youth employment. Trade
Union World Briefing, March, 2005.
ILO. IPEC. Analysis
of child labour in Central America and the Dominican Republic.
2004.
National child labour surveys carried out in the 8 countries under
the framework of the International Labour Office’s Statistical
Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (ILO/SIMPOC),
reveal that during the period 2000 - 2002 there are more than 14.4
million girls and boys between the ages of 5 and 17 years in the
region encompassing Central
America and the Dominican Republic. More than half of them (52.8%)
are rural residents, and 79.5% of them are under 15 years. In some
countries, these girls and boys form a part of crowded households,
averaging more than 6 members in Belize, Guatemala and Nicaragua,
with high demographic dependency ratios. These girls and boys are
living in dwellings that in many cases have considerable deficiencies
with regards to basic services. In the case of access by these minors
to piped-in water, levels below 70% are seen in Belize, El Salvador,
Guatemala and Nicaragua; in the case of electric lighting, levels
below 70% are found in Guatemala and Honduras. The socioeconomic
shortfall in households with girls and
boys in this age group are particularly obvious in the rural areas
of these 8 countries.
Generation of reliable and actualised data will allow the magnitude
and characteristics of child labour to be monitored. This requires
periodic surveys in the different countries. The information gathered
in these 8 surveys and in future surveys, as well as studies drafted
based on these data, will help to prioritise the groups of child
labourers in greatest need of attention, and will be an important
input in awareness campaigns that should also disseminate pertinent
legal norms.
ILO. IPEC. Education
as an intervention strategy to eliminate and prevent child labour:
Consolidated good practices. 2006.
This publication includes a broad selection of these good practices
which it is hoped will serve to inspire, motivate and guide those
who are actively working to support working children or former working
children, their families and their communities, by providing them
with effective alternatives to impart education, skills training
and related services to help all involved to recognize the dangers
of child labour, recognize the importance of quality education and
training and ensure that all children benefit from these and can
aspire to a better future and quality of life.
ILO-IPEC. Guidelines
for the Construction of a Holistic Care Model for Children and Adolescents
in Domestic Labour. San Jose, Costa Rica, 2005.
The intention of this proposal, Guidelines for the Construction
of a Holistic Care Model for Children and Adolescents in Domestic
Labour, is to promote participation by children and adolescents
in all stages of the care process, in order to contribute to their
empowerment and to give them an active role in constructing their
projects for personal and social growth. The holistic care model
for girls and boys in domestic labour is understood as: 1) a process
oriented towards social, cultural and personal change on the basis
of equity, democracy, solidarity and empowering relations and 2)
a system with an inter-disciplinary, inter-institutional and inter-sectorial
character within a local, national and regional scope.
ILO. International Labour Conference, 93rd meeting, Geneva, 2005.
Youth:
Pathways to decent work. Report VI. Geneva, 2005.
This report presents a general overview of the employment situation
of young people and the social and economic factors that facilitate
or hinder the access to decent work. The report examines the initiatives
adopted at a national level and outlines a series of key lessons
to design efficient policies and programmes. In addition, it shows
the ILO's contributions to their leaders in order to promote decent
work, focusing on the approaches and instruments that have been,
or could be, proved useful.
Pieck, E. (Coord.) Los
jóvenes y el trabajo: la educación frente a la exclusión
social. (Youth and labour: education to counteract social exclusion).
Mexico: Universidad Iberoamericana; Instituto Méxicano de
la Juventud; UNICEF; Cinterfor/OIT; CONALEP; RET, 2001.
The papers included in this book are the result of a symposium
on "Youth and labour: education v. social exclusion" carried
out in Mexico City from June 7 to 9 2000.
Rodríguez Vignoli, J. Vulnerabilidad
y grupos vulnerables: un marco de referencia conceptual mirando
a los jóvenes. (Vulnerability and vulnerable groups:
a conceptual framework regarding youth). Santiago, Chile: ECLAC,
2001. (Population and Development, 17)
Young people who live in this region have active potential. However,
their reality is still marked by precariousness and exclusion. How
can youth vulnerability be reduced? Spaces of social participation
could be created. Then, it would be necessary to act by sectors
according to the dimensions of the social integration process that
young people undergo, that is, taking action in the fields of education,
labour insertion, health and housing. In the third place, transectoral
policies, plans and programmes should be developed. They are crucial
to fight against some of the risks young people face. Finally, youth
policies should be revised so that they may (a) promote concertation
between relevant public and private actors; (b) help specialised
organisations to carry out articulation and promotion actions rather
than direct execution, and (c) make use of sectoral agencies and
local government to put them into practice.
Rosal García, M.H. La
formación profesional como puente para el empleo y la inserción
laboral de los jóvenes: perspectiva de la cooperación
internacional. (Vocational training as a bridge to employment
and labour participation of young people: international cooperation
perspective). Lima, ILO. 1997.
This document analyses the labour insertion of young people and
vocational training as a bridge to employment. It studies the problems
of young people and employment in the region, the new emerging institutionality
and it makes a brief description of the model and the kind of training
required to meet the new demands of the productive system.
Once these characteristics have been presented, we can establish
the current link between training and employment and the future
articulations and perspectives of this relationship.
Schkolnik, M. Caracterización
de la inserción laboral de los jóvenes. (A description
of youth labour participation). Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, 2005. (Social
Policies, 104)
This document deals with youth labour participation in 16 countries
of Latin America and the Caribbean. It particularly describes the
vulnerability of this group who usually gets precarious jobs, poorly
paid, with no contracts and no social protection. As it may be seen,
young people have more tendency to find precarious and temporary
jobs in the informal economy than adults.
It analyses the factors that determine the problems of youth participation
in the labour market, it particularly deals with the possibilities
of access and coverage of educational and training systems. Finally,
based on the explained factors of youth insertion, the authors recommend
ways to solve this problematic issue.
Torrado, M.C.; Duran, E.; Álvarez, L.; Vargas, E.; Wliches,
R. Análisis
de la política nacional frente al trabajo infantil en Colombia
1995- 2002. (Study on national policy regarding child labour
in Colombia 1995-2002). Bogota: ILO. IPEC, 2003. (Working papers,
159).
This document carries out a historical analysis of national policies
on the eradication of child labour and the protection of young workers
in Colombia. It points out the progress and achievements obtained
in different areas, as well as the obstacles and difficulties encountered
in the fight against child labour.
Among such achievements we find the efforts of employers' and workers'
organisations to raise their members' awareness on the subject,
the increased specialisation of NGOs in the intervention in this
field, the efforts of local and regional governments to further
disseminate and raise awareness on this issue in the society, the
experiences of intervention in key areas such as the commercial
sexual exploitation of children, artisan mining work and commercial
agriculture, in addition to a better qualification of public institutions
regarding this issue.
Limitations are found when it comes to measuring impacts and quantifying
public resources allotted to the objective of eradicating child
labour.
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